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Bismillaahir Rahmaanir Raheem
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Translators: Ahmed Ali ● Amatul Rahman Omar ● Daryabadi ● Faridul Haque ● Hamid S. Aziz ● Maulana Mohammad Ali ● Pickthall ● Sarwar ● Shakir ● Yusuf Ali
Recitation by Mishary Al-Alfasy
Name
This Surah takes its name from the word (ar-Ra'ad) (thunder) that occurs in v.
13. It is merely the symbolic name of the Surah and does not in any way mean
that the Surah deals with the scientific problems connected with thunder.
Period of Revelation
The internal evidence (vv. 27-31 and vv. 34-48) shows that this Surah was
revealed in the last stage of the Mission of the Holy Prophet at Makkah and
during the same period in which Surahs Yunus, Hud and Al- A'araf were sent down.
The manner of speech indicates that a long time had passed since the Holy
Prophet had been conveying the Message. On the one hand, his opponents had been
contriving different devices to defeat him and his Mission, and, on the other,
his followers had been expressing a desire that by showing a miracle the
disbelievers might be brought to the Right Way. In answer, Allah impressed on
the Believers that it is not His way to convert people by this method and that
they should not lose heart, if He is giving the enemies of the Truth a rope long
enough to hang themselves. Otherwise, He is able to show such signs as may bring
the dead out of their graves and make them speak (v. 31), but even then these
obdurate people will invent an excuse to explain this away. All this decisive
evidence clearly proves that this Surah was revealed during the last stage of
the Prophet's Mission at Makkah.
Central Theme
The first verse enunciates the main theme of this Surah, that is, "The Message
of Muhammad (Allah's peace be upon him) is the very Truth, but it is the fault
of the people that they are rejecting it." This is the pivot on which the whole
Surah turns. This is why it has been shown over and over again in different ways
that the basic components of the Message -- Tauhid, Resurrection and Prophethood-are
a reality: therefore they should believe sincerely in these for their own moral
and spiritual good. They have been warned that they shall incur their own ruin
if they reject them, for kufr by itself is sheer folly and ignorance. Moreover,
the aim of the Surah is not merely to satisfy the minds but also to appeal to
the hearts to accept the Faith. Therefore it does not merely put forward logical
arguments in support of the truth of the Message and against the people's wrong
notions, but at appropriate intervals it makes frequent use of sympathetic and
earnest appeals to win over their hearts by warning them of the consequences of
kufr and by holding out the happy rewards of Faith so that the foolish people
should give up their obduracy.
Besides this, the objections of the opponents have been answered without any
mention of them, and those doubts which are proving a hindrance in the way of
the Message or were being created by the opponents have been removed. At the
same time, the Believers; who had been passing through long and hard ordeal and
were feeling tired, and waiting anxiously for Allah's succor, have been
comforted and filled with hope and courage.
1This is the introduction to this Surah, in which its aim and object has been
enunciated in a few words. Allah has addressed the Holy Prophet to this effect:
"O Prophet! most of your people arc rejecting the teachings of the Qur'an for
one reason or the other, but the fact is that what We are sending down to you is
the Truth whether people believe it or not."
After this brief introduction, the discourse deals with the main subject of the
Surah, which consists of three basic things. First, "The whole of the universe
belongs to Allah alone, and none besides Him has any right to service and
worship" . Second, "There is another life after this life, in which you shall
have to render an account of all your actions." Third, "I am a Messenger of
Allah: whatever I am presenting before you is not from myself but from Allah."
As the people were rejecting these three things, these have been reiterated over
and over again in various forms to remove doubts and objections from the minds
of the disbelievers.
2In other words, "Allah keeps the myriads of heavenly bodies in space without
any visible and perceptible support." Though there is nothing apparent and
visible that is supporting these bodies, yet there is an invariable and
imperceptible Power which is not only holding and keeping each and everyone of
these huge bodies including the earth we inhabit in their proper places and
orbits but also does not let any collision take place between them.
3For the fuller details of "He sat Himself on the Throne of His Kingdom," please
refer to E.N. 41 of Al-Aaraf. Here the purpose will be served if it is
understood that this thing has been mentioned in the Qur'an at many places in
order to bring out clearly the fact that Allah has not only created the earth,
but also rules over His Kingdom, and that His universe is a factory that is not
working automatically as some ignorant people seem to think nor is it being
ruled by many gods as other ignorant people seem to believe. But it is a regular
system that is being run and ruled over by its Creator.
4It should be noted here that the addressees themselves accepted the truth of
all the claims that have been made in this verse. Therefore no proofs were
required of the facts that it is Allah Who raised up the heavens without any
visible support and subjected the sun and the moon to a fixed order. These
things have been mentioned here only as arguments to prove that Allah is the
sole Sovereign and ruler of the whole universe.
Now let us consider this question: How can such an argument as this convince
those who do not believe at all in the existence of God nor acknowledge that He
is the Creator of the universe and the Director of all its affairs ? The answer
is that the arguments in support of the Doctrine of Tauhid advanced in the
Qur'an to convince the mushriks equally apply against the atheists to prove the
existence of God. It is like this: The whole of the universe-the earth, the
moon, the sun and the countless heavenly bodies-constitute a perfect system
which is working, under the same all-powerful Law. This is a proof that such a
system must have been designed by some All-Powerful Sovereign, Who possesses
wisdom and unerring knowledge. This proves conclusively the existence of that
Allah Who has no other equal nor associate nor partner. For there can be no
system without an administrator, no law without a ruler, no wisdom without a
sage, and no knowledge without the possessor of that knowledge. Above all, no
one can ever conceive that there can be any creation without a Creator except
the one who is obdurate or has no sense left in him at all.
5This system is not only a standing proof of the fact that an All-Powerful
Sovereign is ruling over it, but is also an evidence of the great wisdom
underlying it; it also bears witness that there is nothing ever-lasting in it.
Everything in it remains for a fixed term after which it comes to an end. This
is equally true for each and every component part of it as well as for the whole
system. It is quite evident from its physical structure that there is nothing
ever-lasting and immortal. There must be some fixed term for the system as a
whole, after the expiry of which it shall come to an end. Then there shall be
another world: therefore it is most likely that there shall be Resurrection as
predicted in the Qur'an: nay, its inevitability is beyond any doubt.
6Allah makes plain those Signs which help prove the truth of what the Holy
Prophet was informing them. These Signs are spread all over the universe and
everyone who observes these with open eyes can perceive that the realities
towards which the Qur'an invites the people are testified by these Signs.
7The preceding Signs have been cited to prove two things. First, the universe
has only one Creator and Administrator. Second, there shall be life in the
Hereafter in which everyone shall be judged in the Divine Court and awarded
rewards and punishments on merit. As the first thing was quite obvious, it has
not been mentioned in the conclusion drawn from the Signs. But the second thing,
life in the Hereafter, has been mentioned because that was rather hidden from
perception. Therefore it has specifically been stated that these Signs have been
made plain in order "to convince you that you shall meet your Lord in the
Hereafter and render an account of all your actions in this world."
Now let us consider how these Signs help prove life in the Hereafter. These make
it evident in two ways:
(1) When we consider how big heavenly bodies as the sun and the moon are
completely subject to the will of Allah, our hearts feel convinced that Allah
Who has created these things and regulated their movements so orderly around
their orbits, has undoubtedly the power to bring to life the whole human race
after its death.
(2) The terrestrial system also proves that its Creator is All-Wise. Therefore
it can never be imagined that the All-Wise Creator could have created man and
endowed him with wisdom and intelligence and invested him with power and
authority, and then left him free to do what he liked with these, without being
responsible and accountable for their use or abuse. For His Wisdom demands that
He should take full account of all the acts and deeds of man in this world. It
requires that. He should take to task those who committed aggressions and
compensate their victims and He should give rewards to those who practiced
virtue and punishments to those who did wicked deeds. In short, His Wisdom
requires that He should call to account every human being and demand: "How did
you carry out the trust that was placed in your hands in the shape of your
wonderful body with its wonderful faculties and the numerous resources of the
earth?" It may be that a foolish and unjust ruler of this world might entrust
the affairs of his kingdom in the hands of his agents and then forget to call
them to account, but such a thing can never be expected from the All-Wise and
All-Knowing Allah.
It is this way of observing and considering the heavenly bodies that can
convince us that life in the Hereafter is both possible and inevitable.
8After citing some heavenly Signs in support of the doctrines of Tauhid and the
Hereafter, a few Signs are being cited from the earth for the same purpose.
Briefly the following are the arguments for Tauhid, Resurrection and
Accountability:
(1) Tauhid: The fact that the earth is closely connected with the heavenly
bodies (which help create life on it), and the fact that the mountains and the
rivers are so inter-related with that life are clear proofs that all these
things have not been created by separate and different gods nor are being
governed, by gods with independent powers and authorities. Had it been so, there
could not have been so much harmony, congruity, accord and unity of purpose
among them; nor could these relationships have continued for such a long time.
For it is quite obvious that if there had not been One All-Powerful and All-Wise
Allah, it could not have been possible and practicable for different gods to sit
together and evolve out such a harmonious system of the universe without any
discord or conflict between its myriads of bodies.
(2) Resurrection: This wonderful planet, the earth, is itself a great proof that
its Creator is All-Powerful and can, therefore, raise the dead whenever He will.
For it is floating in space round the sun and it has high mountains fixed in it
and has large rivers flowing on its surface: it produces countless fruit-bearing
trees and it brings about the cycles of the day and the night with precise
regularity.
All these things bear witness to the boundless power of its Creator. It would,
therefore, be sheer folly to doubt that such All-Powerful Creator is incapable
of raising mankind to life after death.
(3) Accountability: The earth, with all its wonderful and purposeful signs, is a
clear evidence of the fact that its Creator is All-Wise. Therefore it cannot
even be imagined that He has created man, His noblest creation, without any
purpose. Just as His wisdom is apparent from the structure of the earth, its
mountains, its rivers, the pairs of its trees and fruits, its night and day, so
it is quite obvious that it has not been made the habitation of man without any
purpose, nor will it be brought to naught without the fulfillment of that
purpose. Clearly mankind shall be accountable to its Creator for the fulfillment
of that Divine purpose.
9That is, "If you observe carefully, you will find Divine wisdom, design and
purpose in the diversity of the structure of the earth. Though it has countless
regions adjoining one another, they are different from one another in their
shapes, colors, component parts, characteristics, potentialities, productive
capacity and source of minerals. This diversity has countless points of wisdom
and advantage. Let alone other creatures, if we consider the diversity of
regions from the point of the good it has done to mankind, we shall have to
acknowledge that this is the result of the well-thought and well-planned design
of the All-Wise Creator. For this diversity has helped the growth of human
civilization so much that only an unreasonable person can assign this to mere
accident.
10Some of the date-palm trees have only a single trunk from the root while
others have two or more stems from the same root.
11The things mentioned in this verse contain many other Signs besides the proofs
of Tauhid and the boundless powers and All-Comprehensive Wisdom of Allah. Let us
consider one of these, that is the diversity in the universe, including mankind.
There is the one and the same earth but all its regions are quite different from
one another. Then there is one and the same water but it helps to produce
different kinds of corn and fruits. Then one and the same tree bears fruits
which, in spite of likeness, differ from one another in shapes, sizes, and other
features. Then there is one and the same root from which sometimes one and at
others two trunks sprout up, with their own different characteristics. If one
considers these aspects of diversity, one shall come to the conclusion that the
Divine wisdom demands the same kind of diversity in the natures, temperaments
and inclinations of human beings, and, therefore, in their conducts. So, one
need not worry about the existence of this diversity. As it has been stated in
v. 31, if Allah had willed, He could have created all human beings alike and
virtuous by birth. But the wisdom that underlies the creation of the universe,
including mankind, requires diversity and not uniformity. Otherwise, all this
creation would have become meaningless.
12They "have denied their Lord": their denial of the Hereafter is, in fact, the
denial of the Power and Wisdom of Allah. As they say that it is impossible to
bring them again to life after their death, it implies that, God forbid, their
Allah Who has created them lacks not only power but wisdom, too.
13As a collar around the neck is a symbol of imprisonment, the words "collars
around their necks" have been used here idiomatically to show that they are
slaves of ignorance, obduracy, lust and are blind followers of their
forefathers. As their thinking is influenced by their prejudices, they cannot
believe in the Hereafter and would deny this, though there is every reason to
believe that it is inevitable.
14This refers to the demand of the Quraish from the Holy Prophet "If you are a
true Prophet of God, why don't you hasten to bring that scourge of God on us of
which you have been threatening us, when we are flouting and denying you ?" They
did this in different ways. Sometimes they would invoke God mockingly and say,
"O Lord, settle our accounts now and do not postpone these to the Day of
Resurrection" . At another time, they would say, "Our Lord, if what Muhammad
says be true, and be from Thee, then stone us from the sky or send down some
other scourge upon us from the sky or send down some other painful torment upon
us." In this verse an answer has been given to such impudent demands of the
disbelievers. They have been admonished to refrain from such foolish demands and
avail of the respite that was being given to them and mend their ways, for they
were incurring the wrath of God by adopting the attitude of rebellion.
15This showed their mentality. The only criterion of judging whether Muhammad
(Allah's peace be upon him) was a true Prophet or not according to these
disbelievers, was whether he would perform a miracle to order. This was because
they would not judge his Message by rational arguments: they would not learn a
lesson from his high character nor from the moral revolution that was being
brought about among his Companions by his Message and noble example: nor would
they carefully consider the rational arguments given in the Qur'an to prove the
errors of their religion of shirk and superstitions of ignorance. They would
ignore these rational things and demand a miracle to decide the issue.
16This is the concise answer to their demand, though it has not been directly
addressed to the disbelievers but to the Messenger. It is this: "O Prophet, you
should not worry at all about some miracle which you might show to these people
in order to convince them, for it is not a part of your Mission. Your duty is
only to warn the people of their negligence and of the evil consequences of
their wrong ways. And for this purpose, We have always sent a guide to every
people. Now you, too, are performing this duty, and it is for them to open their
eyes and judge the truth of your Message." After giving this concise answer,
Allah overlooks their demand but warns them, in the succeeding verses, that they
have to deal with the All-Knowing Allah Who has full knowledge about everyone of
them from the time they were in the wombs of their mothers, and Who keeps a keen
watch over everything they do. Therefore their fates shall be decided strictly
with justice in accordance with their merits and that there is no power on the
earth and in the heavens that can influence in the least His decisions and
judgments.
17When amplified the verse will mean : Allah remains fully aware of all the
developments that take place in the child while in its mother's womb, and He
watches over the decrease or increase in each of its limbs, and its
potentialities, capabilities and powers.
18That is, "Allah not only directly watches over whatever each person does, and
is fully aware of everything he does, but He has also appointed such Guardians
as accompany him everywhere and keep a full record of all his deeds." This has
been stated here to warn those people who live their lives under the delusion
that they have been left absolutely free to do whatever they like and shall not
be required to render an account of what they did in this worldly life. The
warning is that such people invite their own retribution.
19This is to warn them further that they should not remain under any delusion
that some holy person or saint or angel has the power to rescue them froth
Divine Retribution, for there is none who could defend them against Allah, even
though they might have been paying homages and making offerings to their
so-called patrons and protectors in the hope that they would rescue them froth
punishment from Allah on the Day of Judgment.
20The thunder is a proclamation of Tauhid for those who have ears to hear the
real meaning of its loud noise which follows the flash of lightning, though it
is merely a kind of noise for those who hear it like animals. For it proclaims
that Allah Who raises clouds from the oceans and carries them wherever He wills,
and makes the lightning flash from the clouds and then turns them into rain so
as to supply water to the dwellers of the earth, is perfect and worthy of all
praise, is All-Wise and All-Powerful and is flawless in every respect and has do
partner whatsoever.
21The mention of the fact that the angels are filled with awe of their Lord, and
they proclaim His praise has a special significance here. This is to refute the
shirk of the ignorant people who have always worshiped the angels as gods and
deities and believed them to be partners with God in His Godhead. It has been
stated that they are not partners with Allah but His most obedient servants; so
much so that they praise Him and are filled with awe of Him.
22He has countless plans and measures which are so effective and sudden that He
can smite any one with any one of them from any side He will. So much so that
the intended victim is absolutely unaware of it. This is a proof that those
people, who say absurd things about such All-Powerful Being, are absolutely void
of sense.
23"To invoke Him alone is the right thing," for Allah alone has the power and
the authority to give help and remove difficulties.
24"... everything in the heavens and the earth bows down before Allah" in the
same sense that every creation of His has to obey and submit to His Physical Law
in every detail. The only difference between the submission of a Believer and an
unbeliever is that the former submits to it with a willing heart while the
latter is forced to do so against his will, for it is absolutely beyond his
power to oppose it.
25"The shadows bow down" in the sense that they fall to the west in the morning
and to the cast in the evening and so on. This shows that they, too, have to
submit to some Law.
26It will be worth while to note that though the question, "Who is the Lord of
the heavens and the earth?" was put to the disbelievers, Allah told the Holy
Prophet to answer it himself and say, "Allah". This was because the disbelievers
hesitated to answer it one way or the other. They could not say that it was not
Allah for they themselves believed that Allah was the Creator of everything. On
the other hand, they could not acknowledge this fact in so many words in answer
to such question, for, they would, then, have to acknowledge the doctrine of
Tauhid for no basis could have been left in favor of shirk. As they realized
their weak position, they would not give any answer to such questions. That is
why Allah asks His Messenger to put such questions to the disbelievers: "Who is
the Creator of the heavens and the earth? Who is the Lord of the Universe? Who
sustains you with provisions of life?" When they do not give any answer to such
questions, Allah asks His Messenger to say "Allah" in answer. He then proceeds
on with this argument: "When Allah does all these things, how do the deities you
worship come in?"
27The blind man is the person who cannot see any of the countless signs of the
Oneness of Allah, though these lie spread over before him in the universe. On
the other hand, the seeing man is the person who can see in every particle of
the universe and in every leaf of grass and tree Signs pointing to their
Creator. Thus the question that has been posed means: "O disbelievers ! if you
are blind to the Signs, why should the one who can see the Signs should behave
like a blind man and stumble along like you?"
28Here "light" means the light of the knowledge of the Truth which the Holy
Prophet and his followers possessed. In contrast to this, there was the
"darkness" of ignorance in which the disbelievers were wandering about. The
question that has been posed means to ask this: "Why should those, who have got
the `light', extinguish it and wander about in the darkness like you? Well, if
you do not know the worth of the `light', you may choose to wander in the
darkness, but how can you expect the one who has got the 'light', who
appreciates the difference between the light and the darkness, and who is seeing
the right way as if in broad daylight, to Dave the light and wander about in the
darkness?"
29The question is intended to impress on the disbelievers that there is
absolutely no reason why they should practice shirk. When they themselves admit
that their gods did not create even an iota in the universe and that they have
not even the smallest and most insignificant share in the creation, there
remains no ground for them to cherish any doubts about it. Why should, then,
their false gods and deities share the rights and powers of the Real Creator?
30The Arabic word (Qah-har) literally means "the one who rules over all by
virtue of one's own power, and keeps all under one's complete control."
This fact that "He is the Unique, the Almighty" follows naturally from the
preceding fact that "Allah alone is the Creator of everything," for this fact
was also acknowledged by the mushriks and was never denied by them. This is so
because the Creator of everything should logically be Unique, and every other
thing or being must necessarily be His creation. Therefore nothing could be the
equal of the Creator or partner in His Being, attributes, powers and rights.
Likewise, the Creator must have complete power and control over His Creation.
For it can never be imagined that the Creator would create anything over which
He has not full control. Therefore, the one who acknowledges Allah to be the
Creator must also acknowledge Him to be the Unique and the All-Powerful. After
this, there remains no reason why one should worship any one other than the
Creator or invoke some one else for help in resolving one's difficulties and
fulfilling one's needs.
31In this simile the Knowledge which had been sent down. by Allah to the Holy
Prophet has been likened to the rain from the sky, and the Believers to the
streams, rivulets and rivers. Just as the streams etc. , fill themselves with
rain-water, each according to its capacity, so his followers gained knowledge
from him, each according to his ability. On the other hand, the hue and cry that
was raised by the opponents of the Islamic Movement has been likened to the
swelling foam etc., that begins to dance about on the surface of flood water,
but soon vanishes away.
32As it is but natural that scum should appear on the surface when are melted in
the furnace for purification, likewise bad people would come surface and take
prominent part in persecuting the good people who are passed through the furnace
of persecution for their purification.
33This shows that the disbelievers would be in such a sad plight that they would
not hesitate to give their all for their redemption.
34".... they shall have the heavy reckoning": they shall have to bear the full
consequences of their evil deeds. No sin, no shortcoming, in short, nothing will
be forgiven and no evil shall go unpunished.
We learn from the Qur'an that the rebels of Allah shall have to render a
reckoning, whereas there shall be a "light" reckoning from those who have been
faithful and obedient to their Lord. In consideration of their loyal services,
their cases will be dealt with leniently, and taking their general goodness into
account many of their shortcomings will be forgiven.
This is further amplified by a Tradition of the Holy Prophet. Hadrat 'A'ishah
relates, "I said, O Messenger of Allah! the most dreadful verse of the Qur'an is
this: Whoso shall commit an evil, he shall be punished for it'. (IV :123). The
Holy Prophet answered, O `A'ishah! don't you know how Allah clears the accounts
of His faithful and obedient servant? Whatever harm or trouble he receives in
this world-even so much as the pricking of a thorn-is taken by Allah as
atonement for one or the other of his sins. As regards the Hereafter, everyone,
who shall be called upon to render an account of any sin, shall be punished for
it' . At this Hadrat `A'ishah asked, `Then what is meant by light reckoning in
this verse: Whoso shall be given his `Conduct Register' in his right hand, he
will render a light reckoning?' (LXXXIV:?-8). The Holy Prophet answered, `This
means merely the presentation of his whole conduct, that is, all his deeds-good
and bad-shall be presented before Allah but he shall not be called upon to clear
the account of all his deeds; for the one who shall be called upon to clear the
whole of his account, shall be totally ruined."
The same thing is happening even in this world. A master deals very leniently
with his faithful and obedient servant and connives at his minor faults and even
forgives his major faults in consideration of his meritorious services. On the
other hand, if a servant is proved to be treacherous and dishonest, no
consideration is given even to his services, and he is punished both for his
minor and for major faults.
35That is, "As the attitude of the two in this world will be different from each
other, so shall be their ultimate end in the Hereafter."
36That is, "Those who listen to the Message that has been sent down by Allah,
and accept His Messenger, are really very wise people. This is why their conduct
in this world is quite different from those foolish people who are blind to its
merits: and so is their ultimate end in the Hereafter, as stated in the
subsequent verses".
37This Covenant is the same that was made by Allah with the whole of mankind at
the beginning of the creation that they would worship Him alone. (Please refer
to E.N.'s 134 and 135 of Al-A`araf). As this Covenant has been made with every
human being, it has been imbued firmly in human nature. When a human being is
born in this world, he, so to say, confines the same Covenant because he owes
his creation to the same Allah with Whom he had made that Covenant: then he is
brought up by His Providence and fed and nourished with His Provisions, and uses
the powers and faculties endowed by Him. AII these things bind him by themselves
into a covenant of bondage with his Lord. It is obvious that wise, loyal and
faithful people fulfill their Covenant and dare not break it except that they
might break it unconsciously and unwillingly.
38That is, "All those social and civil relations that are conducive to the
correct and right conduct of collective human life."
39"They show fortitude": they remain self-possessed and keep under control all
their desires and lusts and do not transgress the bounds, and they do not yield
to temptations to disobey their Lord in order to gain advantages and gratify
their desires: nay, they bear with calm courage and endurance losses and
afflictions that are inevitable in the obedience of Allah. If we consider the
life of a believer from this point of view, we shall find that the whole of his
life is the life of endurance and fortitude, for he keeps himself under control
in very trying circumstances in this world in the hope of winning the approval
of his Lord and in the expectation of gaining permanent benefits in the
Hereafter: so he fights with fortitude every temptation to sin.
40That is, "If others do evil to them, they do not do evil in return but do good
instead: they do not fight mischief with mischief but with virtue. Howsoever
unjust one may be to them, they do justice in every case. Likewise, they remain
truthful and honest even in the cast of those who tell lies against them and
show dishonesty towards them."
There is a Tradition of the Holy Prophet to the same effect: "You should not
imitate others in your conduct towards other people, for it is wrong to say, 'We
will do goodness to others, if they do goodness to us and we will do injustice
to them if they are unjust to us.' (On the other hand,) you should follow this
principle: if others do goodness to you, you should do goodness to them, but if
they do evil to you, you should not be unjust to them."
There is another Tradition, which begins with the words: "My Lord has bidden me
to do nine things. Four of these things are, I should behave justly towards
everyone whether I am pleased or offended with him. I should render the right
even of the one who violates my rights. I should pay the dues even of the one
who depraves me of my due. I should forgive the one who has been unjust to me."
There is yet another Tradition to the same effect: "Don't be faithless even to
the one who has been faithless to you." There is also a saying of Hadrat 'Umar
that amounts to the same thing. "The best way of punishing the one, who does not
fear God in his dealings with you, is that you should fear God in your dealings
with him."
41This implies two things. The angels will come in large numbers from every side
and give them this good news: "Now you have come to a place where there is peace
for you. Here you arc immune from every affliction, every trouble, every
hardship, and every danger and worry." (For details please see E.N. 29 of Al-Hijr).
42This verse refutes the wrong criterion by which the disbelievers of Makkah
(and all other foolish people of the world) judged whether one was or was not a
favorite of God. They judged a man's worth by his wealth and worldly prosperity
and not by his faith and righteous conduct. They thought that the one who was
enjoying all the good things of life was a favorite of God, even if he had
erroneous beliefs and did wicked deeds. On the other hand, they considered the
one who was poor and indigent to be under the wrath of God, even though he was
righteous. That is why in their judgment the chiefs of the Quraish were far
superior to the followers of the Holy Prophet. They would say, "You can see for
yourselves that God is with the chiefs of the Quraish."
In this verse, Allah has warned there that they are absolutely wrong in drawing
such a conclusion from the worldly conditions of the people. Allah gives His
provision to the people abundantly or sparingly for reasons different from those
which they presumed and richness or poverty is no criterion by which to judge
the worth of people. The real criterion of judging the worth of people is their
beliefs and deeds. The one, who has righteous beliefs and does good deeds, shall
be higher in rank than the one who has wrong beliefs and does evil deeds. Thus
the real criterion is the quality of one's deeds and not the possession or the
lack of wealth.
43Please also keep in view the answer that has been given to this question in
v.7.
44This is the answer to their question. It is not due to the lack of signs that
they were going astray, but it is the lack of any desire in them to seek right
guidance. For Allah does not force one to follow the Right Way, if he
deliberately turns away from it. He lets such persons wander on the wrong ways
they choose to wander. Nay, even all those things that should serve as a means
to guidance for a seeker of truth, become the means of deviation for the one who
seeks deviation. So much so that that very torch which helps show the way to the
former, dazzles the eyes of the latter. This is how Allah Leads astray a person.
This answer to the demand of a Sign is matchless in its eloquence. It says to
them, "O foolish people! it is not due to the lack of Signs that you are not
finding the right path, but it is due to the lack of any desire in you for it.
You do not see any of the countless Signs that lie scattered all around you
because you have no desire to go to the Right Way. How can then any Sign be
helpful to you ? For you would not see any of those Signs. However, those who
seek the Right Way to Allah, see these Signs and find the Right Way with their
help."
45That is, In this way that We have not given you a Sign they demanded.
46That is, "Instead of serving that most Compassionate Lord, they are discarding
His service and setting up other partners in His attributes, powers, rights and
giving thanks to others for His blessings."
47This verse has been addressed to the Believers who were feeling uneasy that no
such Sign was being sent as was demanded by the disbelievers. They thought that
such a Sign would convince the disbelievers and they would accept Islam.
Therefore when no such Sign was sent, they became all the more uneasy for the
lack of the fulfillment of the demand that gave rise to doubts about the
Prophethood of the Messenger. The question posed in this verse is meant to
remove that uneasiness of the Muslims. It is like this: "Do you think that they
would have embraced Islam if such and such Signs had been shown to them all of a
sudden along with a Surah of the Qur'an ? Are you under the delusion that they
are quite ready to accept Islam and are waiting only for such a Sign ? Do you
think that those people who have failed to see the light of the Truth in the
teachings of the Qur'an, in the phenomena of the universe, in the pure and
spotless life of the Holy Prophet and in the wonderful change in the lives of
his Companions, would see the light of the Truth in the moving of the mountains,
in the cleavage of the earth and in the coming out of the dead from the graves?"
48"Allah has full power over everything" and can show any Sign if He so desires.
He is not showing any Sign for it does not fit in the scheme laid down for the
guidance of Man. As the real object is to show Guidance to mankind through the
Prophet and not to compel them to believe in the Prophethood of a Prophet, He
desires that the people should gain guidance by thinking and observing wisely
and not by seeing Signs.
49That is, "If the object had been to make human beings Believers even without
consciously understanding it, Allah could have created them Believers by birth."
50That is, "They are so audacious that they set up partners with Allah Whose
knowledge is All-Comprehensive and Who is aware of even the minutest details of
the good and bad actions of each individual."
51These are the audacious things they do. They ascribe partners and equals to
Him: they believe that some of His creatures are a part and parcel of His Being,
and have attributes and rights like Him: they presume that they shall not be
called to account for whatever they do, even though they live in His Kingdom.
52That is, "You give empty names to the partners you ascribe to Him for you have
no real knowledge about them." For you could get this knowledge only in one of
the three following ways:
First, You might have received some authentic information that Allah had made
such and such people as His partners in His attributes, powers and rights. If it
is so, please let us also know their names and the source of your information.
The second possibility is that Allah might have remained ignorant that some
beings have become His partners. Therefore you are going to inform Him about
this. If it is so, please say it clearly in so many words so that it may be
decided whether there are some foolish people who can believe in such a
nonsensical claim.
Obviously the above two suppositions are absurd. Therefore the only alternative
is that, "You are ascribing partners to Him without any rhyme or reason, and you
without any knowledge make one the relative of God, another the hearer of
supplications, and still another the helper and fulfiller of certain needs and
the ruler of a certain region etc."
53Shirk has been called "fraud" because none of the angels, spirits, saints,
heavenly bodies, to whom they ascribe Divine attributes and powers or render
Divine rights, ever claimed to possess these attributes or powers, nor did they
ever demand these rights from the people nor told the people that they would
fulfill their desires and wants, if they would perform some rituals of worship
before them. As a matter of fact, some clever people invented these gods in
order to practice willful deception and dishonesty so that they might wield
powerful influence over the common people and exploit them and deprive them of a
part of their hard earned possessions. Accordingly, they made the common people
credulous followers of the gods of their inventions and set themselves up as
their representatives to get money, etc.., from them by this fraud.
The second reason why shirk has been called "fraud" is that a worldly man
pretends to believe in it not because he wants to believe in it but in order to
free himself from all moral restraints to enable him to lead an irresponsible
life of treed and lust.
The third reason is given below in E. N . 54.
54Shirk is also `fraud' in the sense that it has been made to appear fair for
them and so leads them into deviation and prevents them from coming back to the
Right Way. It is like this: When mushriks adopt wrong ways of deviation that
suit the kind of lives they wish to lead, they have to invent arguments to
pacify their consciences and convince other people that they are on the right
way. Naturally this fraud confirms them on the way of deviation and they are
debarred from the Right Way.
55This is in reply to a specific objection which was then raised by the
disbelievers. They would say, "If he has brought the same Message that was
brought by the Messengers before him (as he claims). why don't the Jews and the
Christians who are the followers of the former Prophets come forward and welcome
it?" The verse answers the objection and says that the taste followers of the
former Prophets really rejoice in the Message of the Qur'an, but the false ones
have been offended at it. Then it asks the Holy Prophet not to worry at all
about this, saying, "O Prophet, you should not mind at all whether they are
pleased or offended at it. Tell them plainly that this is the Guidance I have
received from my Lord and I will follow it at all costs."
56This is the answer to another objection. The disbelievers said that Ire could
not be a Prophet of Allah because he had wives and children, for they argued
that Prophets had nothing to do with carnal desires.
57This is the answer to yet another objection: "Had he been a taste Prophet, he
would have shown a Sign like the shining hand and the miraculous staff of
Prophet Moses or he would have restored sight to the blind or cured lepers like
Prophet Jesus, or brought a Sign like the she-camel of Prophet Salih". The
answer is this: "None of the former Messengers had any power to show any Sign
nor has this Prophet: Allah showed a Sign whenever and through whomsoever He
considered it to be necessary and will show any Sign whenever He will consider
it necessary, and that I have not claimed to possess any such power that such a
demand might be made from me."
58This is the answer to another objection raised against the Revelation of the
Qur'an. The disbelievers said, "What was the need of this new Book, when there
already existed the former revealed Books? You say that this need has arisen
because the former Books have been tampered with; therefore Allah has abrogated
them and commanded that this new Book should be followed. This position you have
taken is wrong for how can any one tamper with the Book of Allah and how is it
possible that any Book of Allah might be tampered with? Why did not Allah
protect these Books from such things as these? You say that this Book has been
revealed by the same Allah Who revealed the Torah and the Gospel. Haw is it then
that your way is different from that of the Torah? You consider certain things
lawful while they are unlawful according to the Torah, etc. etc." Detailed
answers to these objections have been given in other Surahs but here only a
brief and comprehensive answer has been given to them.
The Arabic word ( (Umm-ul-Kitab) literally means "the Mother Book", that is, the
Original Book which is the Source and Origin of all the revealed Books.
59This is to console the Holy Prophet, as if to say, "O Prophet, you need not
concern yourself as to the end of these disbelievers who have rejected the
Truth. You should go on performing with peace of mind the Mission that has been
entrusted to you and leave it to Us to give them suitable punishment." Though
this has been addressed to the Holy Prophet, it is obvious that it is really
meant to warn the opponents of the Truth, who were demanding definitely from the
Holy Prophet by way of a challenge to bring about the scourge about which
threats were being held out to them.
60"We are advancing in the land"= this is a very subtle way of warning the
opponents of the Truth: "The fact that Our Message is spreading fast in Arabia
does, in fact, mean that We Ourselves are advancing very fast in the country
against you for We are with those who are carrying Our Message."
"We are shrinking its boundaries for them"= "We are causing the influence of
Islam to spread fast in the land and are thus reducing the boundaries of the
influence of its opponents. Are not these things the portents of their coming
disaster?"
61That is, "These people, who are now devising schemes to defeat the Message of
the Truth, do not take a lesson from the sad end of the people who devised
similar schemes before them to suppress the voice of the Truth by falsehood,
fraud and persecution."
62That is "Everyone who has the knowledge of the Divinely revealed Books will
bear witness to the fact that my teachings are the same that were imparted by
the former prophets."